The Bantu term Batwa refers to any foraging tribesmen and as such overlaps with the terminology used for the "Pygmoid" Southern Twa of South-Central Africa.īush-Men Hottentots armed for an Expedition, 1804
The San are also referred to as Batwa by Xhosa people and as Baroa by Sotho people.
The terms Amasili and Batwa are sometimes used for them in Zimbabwe. In Angola they are sometimes referred to as mucancalas, or bosquímanos (a Portuguese adaptation of the Dutch term for "Bushmen"). Use of the mo/ba- noun class indicates "people who are accepted", as opposed to the use of Masarwa, an older variant which is now considered offensive. The term is a Bantu ( Tswana) word meaning "those who do not rear cattle". The term Basarwa (singular Mosarwa) is used for the San collectively in Botswana. "Bushmen" is now considered derogatory by many South Africans, to the point where, in 2008, use of boesman (the modern Afrikaans equivalent of "Bushman") in the Die Burger newspaper was brought before the Equality Court, which however ruled that the mere use of the term cannot be taken as derogatory, after the San Council had testified that it had no objection to its use in a positive context. The "South African San Council" representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001. The term San is now standard in South African, and used officially in the blazon of the national coat-of-arms.
These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organised by the Government of Botswana held in Gaborone in 1993, the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia, and a 1997 conference in Cape Town on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organised by the University of the Western Cape. The adoption of the term was preceded by a number of meetings held in the 1990s where delegates debated on the adoption of a collective term. By the late 1990s, the term San was in general use by the people themselves. The compound Khoisan, used to refer to the pastoralist Khoi and the foraging San collectively, was coined by Leonhard Schulze in the 1920s and popularised by Isaac Schapera in 1930, and anthropological use of San was detached from the compound Khoisan, Īs it has been reported that the exonym San is perceived as a pejorative in parts of the central Kalahari. Īdoption of the Khoekhoe term San in Western anthropology dates to the 1970s, and this remains the standard term in English-language ethnographic literature, although some authors later switched back to using the name Bushmen. The term Bushmen, from 17th-century Dutch Bosjesmans, is still widely used by others and to self-identify, but in some instances the term has also been described as pejorative. "San" originates as a pejorative Khoekhoe appellation for foragers without cattle or other wealth, from a root saa "picking up from the ground" + plural -n in the Haiǁom dialect. The designations "Bushmen" and "San" are both exonyms in origin, but San had been widely adopted as an endonym by the late 1990s. Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference for the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term San. The Tuu (subdivisions ǀXam, Nusan (Nǀu), ǂKhomani, etc.)Īnd Tshu–Khwe groups such as the Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe), Haiǁom, Naro, Tsoa, Gǁana (Gana) and Gǀui (ǀGwi). The ǃKung (ǃXuun) (subdivisions ǂKxʼaoǁʼae (Auen), Juǀʼhoan, etc.) The endonyms used by San themselves refer to their individual nations, including Based on observation of lifestyle, this term has been applied to speakers of three distinct language families living between the Okavango River in Botswana and Etosha National Park in northwestern Namibia, extending up into southern Angola central peoples of most of Namibia and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe and the southern people in the central Kalahari towards the Molopo River, who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous "San" of South Africa. It is a Khoekhoe exonym with the meaning of "foragers" and was often used in a derogatory manner to describe nomadic, foraging people. The term "Sann" has a long vowel and is spelled Sān (in Khoekhoegowab orthography).
7 Hoodia traditional knowledge agreement.
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